©Arlene R. Taylor PhD arlenetaylor.org
To recharge themselves, individuals need to recognize the costs of energy-depleting behaviors and then take responsibility for changing them, regardless of circumstances they’re facing.
—Harvard Business Review 10/07
“Manage Your Energy, Not Your Time”
My iPhone vibrated into electronic life. The voice sounded hesitant, fatigued, maybe even in pain.
“I stumbled across your website,” the speaker said, “and found the article on PASS [Prolonged Adaptive Stress Syndrome]. It sounded a lot like me. I have several of the symptoms, but I am unable to pinpoint any specific event that might have triggered them. Where do I go from here?”
Interestingly, it was the third call that morning: three different people in three different countries; three different but similar stories. Three unrelated individuals who did not feel good, had little energy, couldn’t sleep, and were marginally desperate for answers.
This is what I told each of them. Every brain and body is unique, as is everyone’s life journey. This means that goals for health and wellness need to be customized for each person. However, there are strategies that, when practically applied, can help a person move toward living an optimum lifestyle. Since PASS describes a cluster of eight symptoms, I like to identify the “where to from here” as a cluster of eight recovery tips.
Step #1: Identify your history
Many are living unbalanced lives consumed with frantic doing, having lost all track of being. Are you one of them? Evaluate your lifestyle history. If you are unable to identify an event that triggered the development of PASS symptoms, what happened that pushed you to develop the lifestyle you are living? What reinforced your brain’s innate bent, making it difficult, if not impossible, to live authentically?
Understand where you’ve built your skills and identify the types of tasks and activities that energize versus drain your energy. Figure out your Achilles heel, so to speak, and then minimize the time spent on tasks that are exhausting your brain and body. As the Harvard Business Review put it so succinctly, identify energy-depleting behaviors and then take responsibility for changing them, regardless of whatever circumstances you’re facing.
Creating and living high-level-healthiness is a journey, not a one-stop fix. Commit to be in this for the long haul, learning for the rest of your life. Hopefully, you will be alive for a long time, so you might as well start now learning how to be the happiest, healthiest, most energetic, and successful person you can be.
In fact, living authentically may be the most important thing you can do in life–for yourself, for others, and maybe even for the world. Blame is out. Most people did the best they could at the time with the knowledge and tools they possessed, you included. Even if your history involves evil you can’t go back and redo it. If you need to forgive yourself and others in order to improve your health, do so. (Refer to the mini-monograph “To Forgive or Not to Forgive.”)
Step #2: Obtain a medical evaluation
Sometimes an underlying health challenge contributes to symptoms. Sometimes the person’s lifestyle serves as a trigger. Discuss your health history with a trusted physician to identify whether a serious underlying illness or disease exist. If yes, obtain appropriate testing, diagnosis, and treatment.
If there is no underlying disease process, look for other health issues. Everyone has developed some energy-depleting behaviors. Sometimes those include serious addictive behaviors or other deficiencies in appropriate self-care. In a general sense, the super-ego enables a person to take very good care of themselves as well as think of the good of others. Unfortunately, many allow these two concepts to swing out of balance. Hone your super-ego and practice effective self-care.
There’s always something you can do to improve your health; your physician or trusted health care professional can often help you craft essential strategies.
Step #3: Become mindfully aware
Many people drift through life from hour to hour and day to day without much conscious awareness of what is happening in the moment. Become mindfully aware of your thoughts, what is going on around you, your reactions and behaviors, and your energy level at any given moment. All three of my morning phone calls were from people who were aware they were out of energy. None had developed the skill of identifying the relative energy expenditures different tasks required. Consequently, they were not minimizing time spent on energy-exhausting tasks and maximizing time spent on energy-efficient tasks.
Make sure you have pen and paper or iPad or some other tool handy that will allow you to make a note. Each time you complete a specific task write down the energy you expended on a scale of 1-10. Is balancing your check book a 2 or an 8? Is making your bed a 1 or a 7? Is practicing your favorite instrument a 3 or a 10? You get the idea.
What tasks do you procrastinate–or would if you thought you could? Your brain knows where your energy goes! Often it pushes you to avoid tasks that involve higher levels of energy expenditures. Sometimes it allows you to become irritable when even thinking about doing specific tasks. Over time a pattern will emerge. Pay attention to that pattern and use it to create a more energy-efficient lifestyle. Find ways to minimize the time you spend doing energy-exhausting tasks.
Step #4: Obtain daily exercise
Physical exercise is essential to brain and immune-system health. It is also key to managing negative stressors. The brain, which has no muscles, needs physical exercise to help rush the blood through it, blood which removes toxic materials and waste products and replaces oxygen, glucose, and micronutrition. In addition, the immune system’s lymph vessels are not ringed with muscles as are blood vessels, so lymph vessels depend on physical exercise to keep lymph fluid from pooling around ankles and feet.
Four exercise types are recommended: aerobic, balance, endurance, and strength. Do some type of exercise every day, making sure to include all four types some time during the week. Walking, biking, and swimming are examples of aerobic exercise. Studies have shown that walking in nature can lower cortisol (stress hormone) levels, while walking indoors does not. Dr. Michael Lara recommends a 15-45 minute walk in nature five days a week, stopping periodically to pick up a rock for lift-above-your-head exercising and then returning to your walk or bike ride.
Be wise—make time to exercise. Every day! Even if you are confined to bed or a wheelchair, there is usually some exercise you can do.
Step #5: Live a positive mindset
Develop the habit of living in a state of gratitude. You may be amazed at the improvement to your health: mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Begin each day by identifying something for which to be grateful, and then continue to do so throughout the day at every opportunity. Choose to dwell on the positives in life and minimize any tendency to criticize, whine, or complain. (You know what whining is: anger squeezing out through a very small opening!)
The human brain is hardwired for joy–the only emotion that has no negative outcomes when maintained over time. This implies neither a Pollyanna approach to life nor an ostrich stance. Bad things happen to good people all the time. When that occurs, acknowledge what happened, take appropriate corrective action, and then look for the lesson or gift or opportunity. To learn more about emotions and feelings and the differences between them, check out articles under “Emotions” on the website. Knowledge is power!
In life you typically give up something to get something. Of course, the reverse is also true. You usually get something when you give something up. Sometimes what you get is something completely unexpected and often quite wonderful. Something you never even thought of. When one door closes, stop banging your head on it. Look for the open door instead. There is always an open door, although I missed a great many of them earlier in life, generally being too busy pounding on the closed door. Without exception, the open door offered me more than whatever was behind the closed door. I just had to move forward and identify the opportunity it presented.
Step #6: Live in balance
Create and live a balanced lifestyle. You are the only person who can do this for you. The brain and body function best when they are used in balance within a balanced environment. Make a list of key factors that contribute to high-level healthiness and then include them in balance. Remember that more than half the factors that have been found to delay the onset of symptoms of aging are within your partial if not complete control.
Here are just a couple key factors to consider.
Step #7: Eat well
What do you eat, how much do you eat, how often do you eat, and when? Is meal time an enjoyable experience that you often share with supportive family and friends? Do you laugh while you eat? Those are all components of eating well. Many people expend needless amounts of energy ingesting and digesting more calories than brain and body need, exhausting the gastrointestinal (GI) system in the process.
As to what to eat, it’s pretty basic, actually. Multiple studies point toward the benefits of a Mediterranean style of eating. I go for the 20:80 rule myself¾80 percent of the time or more I lean toward a Mediterranean style of eating; up to 20 percent of the time I allow leeway for when traveling or when I want the taste of a favorite food (rice pudding or apple crisp) for variety and “old time’s sake.”
Increasingly, information is surfacing on the internet about the benefits of intermittent fasting. It’s a strategy designed to give your GI system a much needed rest for from 12-18 hours, one to three times a week. There are a couple of options:
Avoid worrying about inadequate amounts of glucose. Typically, the body has a 36-hour store of glucose. Intermittent fasting has been shown not only to help keep the GI system rested and energetic but also to maintain an optimum body weight due to the slight reduction in caloric intake. What a bonus!
Step #8: Manage expectations
Many people drift through life rather mindlessly, acting out the script they were handed at birth. You may need to do some Family-of-Origin Work to help you identify the expectations you have been following¾yours as well as those of others¾and consciously evaluate how they are impacting your life and health. (Refer to the mini-monograph “Family-of-Origin Work.”)
Which expectations are realistic, desirable, and contributing to your success? Which are not? Are you caretaking, exhausting yourself by doing for others what they can and need to do for themselves? Are you giving out of the well of your own unmet needs, thereby putting yourself into a life-deficit position? Be brutally honest: denial is more than a river in Egypt! Caretaking is very different from caring.
Develop a healthy selfishness that allows you to create and sustain a happy, healthy, balanced life—by design. This not only gives you energy to thrive but also provides an energy base (a full cup) from which to help others. Whom do you hang out with? You may need to do some pruning. Consciously and deliberately develop a circle of friends who are on a similar journey to health, happiness, and success; individuals who live a positive mindset, have a dynamite sense of humor, and laugh a lot. Studies show that people who live a very long time and who are typically healthy laugh several hundred times a day.
In conclusion
Metaphorically, you have been leased a BMW brain and body for use on this planet. (Okay, Mustang, Mercedes, Maserati, Rolls Royce, Toyota, Leaf… Your choice!) How are you caring for your amazing life-vehicle? Unfortunately, at birth you were not handed a concise and helpful how-to-care-for-me manual. Fortunately, conclusions from research studies can provide you with a good start on creating your own manual. As I spoke with each of the three individuals, I suggested they create a personalized Owner’s Manual. Figure out how to apply strategies in ways that work for your unique brain and body. The goal is to keep your leased vehicle functioning smoothly, effectively, and energy-efficiently for a very long time.
There is good news. Developing a high-level wellness lifestyle can often help you resolve symptoms of PASS. It certainly did in my case! Sometimes you can even avoid burnout and mid-life crisis. If you’re already in that state, the strategies can assist you in recovery. Be patient with yourself. You didn’t get into this situation overnight and you won’t resolve it overnight.
You can, however, begin implementing strategies immediately, one at a time. When you have a handle on one, add another, and then another. Before long you may just find yourself living a consistent, balanced, energetic, high-level-healthiness lifestyle.
To be clear, you are the only person who can do this for you.
Start now!
NOTE: There are other strategies, as well. Refer to Taylor’s article “A Brain-Friendly Lifestyle” for a baker’s dozen. Also refer to Taylor’s book Age-Proofing Your Brain—21 Factors You Can Control.
©Arlene R. Taylor PhD arlenetaylor.org
Ignoring who you truly, authentically are can literally be killing you… Forcing yourself to be someone you are not or stuffing down who you really are…will tax you so much that it will shorten your life by years and years.
—Phillip C. McGraw PhD, from his book Self Matters
In the mid ‘70s after experiencing firsthand the exhaustion of burnout and mid-life crisis, Taylor became even more interested in the concept of energy. With increased awareness, she noticed others whose symptoms appeared to match hers. Taylor interviewed some of these individuals, several of whom had sought care due to suspected PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). According to their respective physicians, however, the patients’ reported symptoms did not meet the classic definition for PTSD. While some symptoms mirrored PTSD, there were two notable exceptions:
Over time, Taylor continued to interview individuals and identified a collection of symptoms that seemed to be exhibited fairly consistently, although the actual level of symptomatology varied based on the person’s own history. A common theme ran through their histories: they expressed disappointment and dissatisfaction with life as they had been living it for the past decade or so. The reasons for this dissatisfaction were, at times, nebulous, but life clearly wasn’t working for them, at least not in ways they had been led to believe life should or could work. Persistent fatigue was a key trigger for seeking consultation, a fatigue that couldn’t be tied to anything specific. None had been diagnosed with an illness, disease, or condition that would be associated typically with energy drain (e.g., Infectious Mononucleosis, CFIDS or Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome).
In their search for answers, many of these individuals reported having completed assessments such as Herrmann’s Brain Dominance Inventory, the Myers Briggs Temperament Inventory, Benziger Thinking Styles Assessment, Blitchington’s and Cruise’s Four Temperament Inventory, the Keirsey-Bates assessment or the Johnson-O’Conner aptitude testing. They were able to articulate examples of tasks during the performance of which they felt good and had plenty of energy. But when the opposite occurred, they felt drained and disappointed, uncomfortable and even exhausted. In general, the more time they had spent completing these types of energy-exhausting tasks, the more PASS symptoms they reported. This further reinforced Taylor’s perception that the reported energy drains were related to the types of tasks these individuals were asking their brains to complete.
For purposes of sharing her observations in a more formal manner, Taylor arrived at the acronym PASS, Prolonged Adaptive Stress Syndrome, to describe the eight commonly observed symptoms that may be present in varying degrees in individuals who have spent years living an energy-exhausting lifestyle.
1. Fatigue
The brain likely has to work much harder when trying to accomplish tasks that do not match its own energy advantage. The additional energy-expenditures can contribute to an increased need for sleep, interference with sleep, decreased dreaming, and a progressive fatigue that is not alleviated by sleep.
2. Hypervigilance
Living an energy-exhausting lifestyle can push the brain to activate a protective safety mechanism. The Reticular Activating System or RAS can push the individual into a state of protective alertness. This sense of hypervigilance can be exhibited as a startle reflex, an increased sense of generalized alarm, or as restless jitteriness.
3. Immune System Suppression
Stress can suppress immune system function (e.g., temporarily shrink the Thymus gland). Outcomes related to immune system suppression can include a slowed rate of healing, exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, an increased susceptibility to contagious illnesses, and/or an increased risk of developing diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
4. Reduced Function of the Frontal Lobes
Some individuals experience a decrease in artistic or creative competencies (e.g., writer’s block, difficulty brainstorming options, diminished problem-solving skills). Others evidence interference with their ability to make logical or rational decisions, exhibit a tendency toward increased injuries due to cognitive impairment, or notice slowed speed of thinking and/or reduced mental clarity.
5. Altered Neurochemistry
Interference with hypothalamus and pituitary function can affect hormonal balance (e.g., decreased growth hormone, insulin production irregularities, alteration in reproduction functions, and an increase in glucocorticoids that can prematurely age the Hippocampus). Reports from mice/rat studies suggest that altered neurochemistry due to extreme or prolonged stress may interfere with the permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier.
6. Memory Problems
Cortisol, released under stress, can interfere with memory functions. Dr. Robert Sapolsky of Stanford University and author of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers outlined several consequences:
7. Discouragement or Depression
Conserve/Withdraw is a reaction form that the brain may use when an event or situation seems overwhelming and for which there seems no ready solution. Experienced over time, this can lead to discouragement and a sense of hopelessness, even exacerbating existing depression. Estimates are that 20 million people in the United States may be depressed at any given time, with approximately 15% of those being suicidal. No surprise, exhaustion can contribute to both discouragement and depression.
8. Self-Esteem Problems
A perceived lack of success in life, as well as the cumulative impact of PASS symptoms, can whack one’s sense of self-worth and/or exacerbate existing self-esteem problems. Behaviors may appear that mirror low self-esteem (victim mindset) and/or inflated self-esteem (offender mindset). An altered sense of self-worth can also impact the way in which an individual exhibits personal self-care.
Based on PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scans, Dr. Richard Haier of San Diego has estimated that the brain may need to work 100 times harder second per second when an individual develops and uses skills outside of his/her area of energy advantage.
As Taylor and others have noticed, when the brain is forced to spend large amounts of time completing tasks that are energy-exhausting, the individual may experience chronic anxiety and eventually exhibit symptoms of PASS. The number and/or severity of PASS symptoms likely has to do with the length of time the person lived an energy-exhausting lifestyle.
Stress Equation
The brain is the first body system to recognize a stressor and it reacts with split-second timing. It can stimulate the stress response for up to 72 hours after a traumatic event—real or imagined—longer, if you keep rehearsing the event in detail.
It has been said that stressors generally interact with the brain in a predictable 20:80 ratio. Sometimes referred to as the 20:80 Rule, it states that:
It is possible that the adverse affects on the brain and body resulting from life situations that lead to PASS symptoms may exceed the typical 20%. This seems likely, given that this form of stress involves not only external and environmental triggers but also the rate at which the brain itself must work and the amount of energy that must be expended in order to accomplish the desired tasks.
By virtue of the increased energy expenditure, this type of adapting may be considered a major life stressor. Over time, it may also contribute to an increased risk of self-medicating through addictive behaviors in an attempt to alter one’s own brain chemistry and “feel better.” At least it is an area worth evaluating, especially if the individual recognizes several of the PASS symptoms.
By Arlene R. Taylor PhD, and I. Katherine Benziger, PhD
OVERVIEW
Human beings are perhaps healthiest, happiest, and most successful when they can use and be rewarded for using their own innate giftedness, or what Jung and Benziger call their natural lead function. Indeed, it can be said that when a person develops and uses his/her natural lead function in an environment which both supports and rewards that function, the experience is similar to if not identical with the experience of flow, identified by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi in Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
For whatever reason, when this does not occur the brain is forced to spend large amounts of time functioning from areas requiring significantly greater expenditures of energy. In other words, the brain is forced to Falsify Type. The result is that the brain and brain-body system experience stress, chronic anxiety and exhaustion. Indeed, Falsifying Type is so costly that over time it can lead to the development of a syndrome identified by Taylor as PASS or Prolonged Adaptive Stress Syndrome. Significantly, one element of PASS is the experience, seemingly without cause, of chronic depression.
BACKGROUND
Dr. Carl Gustav Jung originally coined the term Falsification of Type to describe an individual whose most developed and/or used skills were outside one’s area of greatest natural preference. In his writing, Jung stated that he believed the problem to be a serious one with both practical and psychological ramifications. Indeed, Jung saw Falsification of Type as “a violation of their natural disposition,”[1] explaining that:
As a rule whenever such Falsification of Type takes place as a result of external influence, the individual becomes neurotic later, and a cure can successfully be sought only in the development of the attitude (e.g., function) which corresponds with the individual’s natural way.
In the last analysis, it may well be that physiological causes (inaccessible to our knowledge in 1926) play a part in this. That this may be the case seems not improbable, in view of one’s experience that the reversal of type often proves exceedingly harmful to the physiological well-being of the organism, often leading to an acute state of exhaustion.”[2]
Dr. Benziger, who established and studied the physiological foundations for Type and Falsification of Type over the past two decades, expanded on Jung’s observations regarding the results or costs of Falsifying Type. Benziger, using her Benziger Thinking Styles Assessment (BTSA) to gather and study data of individuals who had been or were Falsifying Type. In her summary report on the topic, Falsification of Type: Its Jungian and Physiological Foundations and Mental, Emotional and Physiological Costs, published in 1995, she stated that:
Benziger’s observations and thinking are supported by the research of Dr. Richard Haier of San Diego. Using PET scan studies, Haier demonstrated that the brain needs to work much harder when not using the person’s natural lead function (which he establishes as an area of exceptional natural efficiency).
Haier estimated that the brain may need to work as much as 100 times harder when an individual is developing and / or using skills outside one’s area of natural efficiency.
Such a demand on the brain requires huge amounts of energy and oxygen. This not only pushes the brain to “burn hotter”, as it were, but could also over time throw off the person’s innate homeostatic balance in the area of oxygen usage and distribution. Normally the brain uses approximately 20% of the oxygen taken in through the lungs. This leaves about 80% for the rest of the body where it is utilized in the process of metabolism and in providing energy at the cellular level and overall. As more and more oxygen is demanded by the brain that is falsifying type, less and less is available to keep the rest of the body up to speed. A variety of symptoms can result (e.g., fatigue, digestive problems, listlessness). Indeed, over time, the oxygen imbalance can contribute to the person’s body shifting from anabolic to catabolic functioning.
Taylor, over an eleven-year period during which she worked with clients reporting symptoms of depression and apparent PTSD, observed that specific symptoms seemed to be present in individuals who were Falsifying Type—living in a state of prolonged adapting as evidenced through the BTSA profile. In addition, her observations led her to theorize that in some cases, individuals who were being diagnosed with PTSD or depression, might not be suffering from PTSD or depression per se (not as the underlying contributing factor), but rather from Falsifying Type. Taylor’s findings suggest that Falsifying Type may be best understood as a separate, discrete, and treatable syndrome, although it can contribute to the exacerbation of a variety of other illnesses. For some individuals, it can also be life threatening. Subsequently, to facilitate sharing her findings with others, Taylor assigned the label PASS (Prolonged Adaptive Stress Syndrome) to identify the predictable collection of symptoms which seem to appear when an individual has been Falsifying Type.
PASS
Eight commonly observed symptoms may be present in varying degrees in individuals who have been Falsifying Type. This collection of symptoms can include:
1. FATIGUE. Prolonged adapting can require the brain to work up to 100 times harder, which can result in up to 100 times greater energy expenditure. This can be observed as:
2. HYPER-VIGILANCE. Prolonged adapting can create a state of hyper-vigilance as the brain goes on protective alertness. This is a safety mechanism and can show up in a variety of different ways:
3. IMMUNE SYSTEM ALTERATION. Falsifying Type can be thought of as the individual living a lie at some level. Lying can suppress immune system function (e.g., can temporarily shrink the Thymus gland) which can negatively impact one’s health. Symptoms that can be seen include:
4. MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. Cortisol, released under stress, can interfere with memory functions. Examples from Robert Sapolsky’s book, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, include:
5. ALTERED BRAIN CHEMISTRY. Prolonged adapting can interfere with hypothalamus and pituitary function which, in turn, can interfere with hormonal balance. This may be observed as:
6. DIMINISHED FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTIONS. Prolonged adapting (viewed as a significant stressor) can interfere with functions typically associated with the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. Symptoms can include:
7. DISCOURAGEMENT AND/OR DEPRESSION. Prolonged adapting can lead to the repeated triggering of the conserve/withdraw reaction form to stress. This can be especially true for high introverts although it can be observed in extraverts who, as years go by, continue to perceive a mismatch between who they are as individuals and societal expectations and/or repeated episodes of failure. This can lead to discouragement, especially as fatigue increases, and can contribute to the development of depression or to the exacerbation of existing depression. Estimates suggest that upwards of 20 million individuals in the USA are depressed, 15% of whom are suicidal. Prolonged adapting appears to be a key factor in at least some of these cases.
8. SELF-ESTEEM PROBLEMS. Any or all of the other symptoms can be contributed to a perceived diminished overall success in life. In turn, this can whack one’s self esteem. Problems in this area can appear as “low self-esteem” or “inflated self-esteem” or flip back and forth between them. Examples include:
POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS
It has been said that stressors generally interact with the brain in a two-part equation. Sometimes referred to as the 20:80 Rule, this suggests that:
20% of the effect to the mind and body is due to the stressor itself
80% of the effect to the mind and body is due to one’s perception of the stressor
As the philosopher Epictetus was quoted as saying: It’s not so much what happens to us as what we think about what happens to us that makes the difference.
The 20:80 Rule, therefore, can be not only appropriate but also very helpful in a variety of situations. This can be particular true when the stressors are environmental and situational–outside of ourselves. This could include stressors such as: another’s individual’s attitude towards us, our having been fired from a job, being unable to develop a romantic relationship with a desired individual or a relationship that is clearly in difficulty. In such situations the 20:80 Rule can be of great assistance in pointing us to the value of “reframing” our perception of the stressor.
When a stressor is inside ourselves, however, and involves a mismatch between who we are innately and expectations of society, culture, school, church, and family, the ramifications may be quite different. In these cases, we so often become involved in Falsifying Type as we strive to obtain rewards or avoid punishment (e.g., shaming, invalidation of the self). Benziger believes that when considering Falsification of Type, neuroscience and experience suggest that the 20:80 Rule may need to be adjusted substantially. The Stressor (Falsifying Type) may contribute as much as 60% of the effect on the mind and body while our perception (Interpretation or Framing of the Stressor) may contribute only about 40% of the effect. The implications are profound. This would play Falsifying Type as a major and potentially life-threatening stressor!
Education, understanding, empathy, emotional support, and reframing of one’s individual experience are powerful psychological tools. Long term, however, they are basically powerless when the individual spends hours and hours each day in activities that require the brain to work up to 100 times harder, when life actually contributes to an imbalance of the brain and body, when body systems are thrown into distress by falsifying type.
Individuals who exhibit symptoms of PASS need to be evaluated for possible underlying physiological illness and (in the case of PTSD) for a history of previous trauma. They also need to be evaluated for the presence of Falsifying Type. If found to be present, they need to be assisted in identifying their own innate giftedness and helped with strategies that can reduce the adapting. The ideal, of course, is for the individual to stop Falsifying Type as soon as possible. In our culture, however, this can be easier said than immediately accomplished. In the meanwhile, understanding prolonged adapting as a significant stressor can help individuals deal with it more efficaciously.
Selected Bibliography on Falsification of Type and PASS
For those wishing to read more in-depth and technical sources, the following bibliography is recommended.
Benziger, Katherine. The Physiological and Psycho-Physiological Bases for Jungian Concepts: An Annotated Bibliography, KBA 1996.
Benziger, Katherine. Falsification of Type: Its Jungian and Physiological Foundations & Mental, Emotional and Physiological Costs, KBA 1995.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience: Steps Towards Enhancing the Quality of Life. Harper & Row Publishers. 1990.
Hafen, Brent Q. Mind/Body Health: The Effects of Attitudes, Emotions and Relationships. Simon & Schuster / Allyn & Bacon 1996.
Jung, Carl Gustav. The Psychology of Type. London 1926.
Justice, Blair, Ph.D. Who Gets Sick: How Beliefs, Moods and Thoughts Affect Your Health. Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc. Los Angeles, 1987.
Haier, Richard. Cortical Glucose Metabolic Rate Correlates of Abstract Reasoning and Intelligence, Studied with Positron Emission, by Haier et al. unpublished paper from January 1988.
Haier, Richard. The Study of Personality With Positron Emission Tomography in Personality Dimensions & Arousal, ed. by Jan Stvelan & Hans J. Eyesenck. Plenum Publishing Company, 1987.
Logan, Robert K. The Alphabet Effect: The Impact of the Phonetic Alphabet on the Development of Western Civilization. William Morrow and Company, Inc. New York, 1986.
Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: A Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1994.
Schlain, Leonard. The Alphabet Versus the Goddess: The Conflict Between Word and Image. Viking. New York 1998.
[1] Jung, Psychological Types, page 415.
[2] Ibid. page 415-416.
